Pulses: Key players in sustainable agriculture, according to Monash University associate professor

Pulses, encompassing a variety of legumes such as lentils, chickpeas, beans, and peas, have been integral to human diets for over 3,000 years, serving as staple foods in ancient civilizations across Egypt, Greece, China, and India. Today, their significance in global food security is more pronounced than ever, given their contributions to sustainable farming practices, enhanced nutrition, and climate resilience.

Incorporating pulses into crop rotations promotes diversification, which mitigates the risks associated with monoculture farming. This diversification breaks pest and disease cycles, thereby reducing the reliance on chemical pesticides and fertilizers. Additionally, pulses naturally enrich the soil by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, improving soil fertility and structure. Their root systems enhance soil aeration, water retention, and support microbial biodiversity, contributing to long-term agricultural sustainability.

Nutritionally, pulses are powerhouses, boasting high levels of protein, dietary fiber, and essential micronutrients. They are low in fat and have a low glycemic index, making them beneficial for managing blood sugar levels and supporting heart health. Regular consumption of pulses is associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular conditions.

In regions like Southeast Asia, pulses have long been dietary staples. For instance, in Malaysia, varieties such as petai (stink bean), kacang hijau (mung beans), and kacang botol (winged bean) are commonly consumed. Petai is known for its strong aroma and is often stir-fried with sambal, enhancing both taste and nutrition. Mung beans are highly digestible and feature prominently in desserts like bubur kacang hijau (mung bean porridge). Winged beans are versatile, with edible leaves, pods, and tubers, all rich in protein and nutrients.

Associate Professor Choo Wee Sim, a lecturer in food science and technology at the School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, emphasizes the importance of these local pulses: “Embracing these local pulses can contribute to a resilient and diverse food system.” Her research focuses on the nutritional benefits and potential applications of stink beans and winged beans.

Beyond their nutritional and agricultural benefits, pulses contribute to climate resilience. They require less water compared to many other crops, making them suitable for cultivation in drought-prone regions. Moreover, pulses have a lower carbon footprint, as their cultivation results in reduced greenhouse gas emissions compared to livestock farming. Their ability to enhance soil health further supports carbon sequestration efforts, aiding in climate change mitigation.

Despite these advantages, pulse farming faces challenges, including limited investment compared to staple crops and susceptibility to pests and diseases. Cultural perceptions and dietary preferences can also influence pulse consumption. However, culinary innovations and educational initiatives can promote greater acceptance and integration of pulses into daily diets.

Consumers, farmers, and policymakers each play crucial roles in promoting pulses. Individuals can incorporate pulses into their meals through simple and delicious recipes. Farmers can diversify their crops by integrating pulses into rotational farming systems. Policymakers and industry leaders can support pulse-based products and invest in sustainable agricultural practices.

Embracing pulses is not merely about diversifying diets; it's a step toward ensuring a sustainable and resilient food system for future generations. As we observed World Pulses Day this week (10 February 2025), it's an opportune moment to recognize and celebrate the myriad benefits that pulses bring to agriculture, nutrition, and environmental sustainability.