Survey reveals widespread misconceptions about protein sources in the USA

A recent Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine/Morning Consult survey found that nearly nine out of 10 US adults incorrectly believe that consuming meat, dairy, eggs, or other animal products is necessary for adequate protein intake. The findings suggest that public misconceptions persist despite mounting scientific evidence that plant-based protein is just as effective for muscle-building and overall health.

While the survey, conducted among 2,203 US adults on 22-23 January 2025, revealed strong adherence to the belief that animal protein is essential, it also showed growing awareness of plant-based alternatives. Over half of respondents correctly stated that it is possible to build muscle on a plant-based diet, though 22% disagreed and 21% were unsure.

According to Dr Roxanne Becker, MBChB, DipIBLM, with the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (PCRM), the survey underscores a need for greater clarity on plant-based nutrition.

“Plant protein has been shown in randomized controlled trials to be as effective as animal protein for building muscle when the amounts of protein are equal,” said Dr Becker. “And it is full of nutrients and fiber, unlike animal-based protein sources.”

Research strongly supports the effectiveness of plant protein. A meta-analysis of 13 clinical trials involving older adults found that plant protein was equally effective as animal protein in maintaining and building strength and lean muscle mass. Another study following men on either a vegan or omnivorous diet over 12 weeks of strength training found no differences in muscle mass or strength gains between the two groups.

Beyond muscle health, a Harvard study linked higher plant protein intake in midlife to greater odds of healthy aging, while a meta-analysis published in the Journal of the American Heart Association found that replacing animal protein with plant protein led to improved cholesterol levels.

Many people overestimate their daily protein requirements. The minimum daily protein intake to support bodily function is 0.36g per pound of body weight—equivalent to 56g for a 155 lb man and 46g for a 128 lb woman. However, more active individuals or those who engage in strength training require higher amounts.

The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and the American College of Sports Medicine recommend between 0.54 and 0.91 grams per pound for muscle-building. That translates to 84-141g for a 155 lb man and 69-116g for a 128 lb woman.

“As we age, it’s important to consume enough protein to maintain muscle mass and avoid frailty,” Dr Becker noted. “Plant protein sources, which contain no artery-clogging cholesterol and are low in saturated fat, should be the go-to.”

To demonstrate how easy it is to meet daily protein needs without animal products, Xavier Toledo, a registered dietitian with the Physicians Committee, outlined a sample daily meal plan:

A peanut butter banana smoothie for breakfast contains approximately 37g of protein, made with soy milk, peanut butter, hemp seeds, and banana. A burrito bowl with brown rice, black beans, textured vegetable protein (TVP), corn, avocado, and nutritional yeast provides another 34g at lunch. For dinner, a tofu and vegetable stir-fry with noodles offers 36g, featuring extra-firm tofu, edamame, soba noodles, mushrooms, and bok choy. In total, this day’s intake provides 107g of plant-based protein.

“Unlike animal-based protein, these foods contain zero cholesterol and tend to be low in saturated fat, making them a smart choice for long-term health,” Toledo explained. “And the best part? Getting enough protein is as easy as enjoying meals you already know and love.”

With an increasing body of research confirming the health benefits of plant-based proteins, experts continue to advocate for greater public awareness to dispel myths surrounding protein consumption. As interest in sustainable, health-conscious diets grows, the conversation around replacing animal protein with plant protein is expected to gain further traction.

For now, the latest survey highlights that while progress has been made in recognizing plant-based nutrition as a viable option, education remains key in bridging the gap between perception and science.